Development of green cement from solid wastes

In this study, a green cement (GC) was prepared primarily using incineration bottom ash (IBA) and recycled concrete fine (RCF) at a low clinkering temperature of 1200ºC. This clinker mainly consisted of belite (C₂S) and rankinite (C₃S₂) and demonstrated the versatility of strong carbonation reactivity and latent hydraulicity. Compared to the commercial benchmark-ordinary Portland cement-after being subjected to carbonation curing, GC exhibited superior macro-and micro-mechanical performance due to the densified microstructure. In addition to rapid strength gain at an early age, the carbonated GC also exhibited a substantial increase in strength at later ages and eventually recorded a high strength of 86.4 MPa. Furthermore, the leaching behaviour assessment on commonly regulated heavy metals validated the environmental stability of this waste-derived binder. The development of this sustainable cement has good potential to divert solid wastes otherwise destined for landfill sites to high-value-added construction products.