TY - JOUR
T1 - Developing an hourly-resolution well-to-wheel carbon dioxide emission inventory of electric vehicles
AU - Kang, Zixuan
AU - Ye, Zhongnan
AU - Hsu, Shu Chien
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the support of this research by the research postgraduate scholarship provided by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The authors are also grateful to the editors and reviewers for their insightful comments in improving the quality of this paper.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2023/3
Y1 - 2023/3
N2 - Vehicle electrification is reshaping global road transport, whereas the understanding of the well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) is mostly limited to the annual average, ignoring short-term variation. This study developed a framework to quantify the heterogeneity in the WTW CO2 emissions of EVs with different charging hours for multiple regions. The framework incorporates the consumption-based grid's CO2 emission factor, dynamic EV fuel consumption rate, and different charging levels and EV types. A three-year hourly-resolution WTW CO2 emission inventory of EVs was established for 71 regions across the contiguous United States. Results show that the EV's WTW CO2 emissions vary by season, charging hour, region, and EV type; up to 26% of WTW CO2 emissions could be reduced by shifting the current most common charging time. The study built a foundation inventory for policymakers to formulate daily smart charging schemes to minimize EV's WTW CO2 emissions.
AB - Vehicle electrification is reshaping global road transport, whereas the understanding of the well-to-wheel (WTW) CO2 emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) is mostly limited to the annual average, ignoring short-term variation. This study developed a framework to quantify the heterogeneity in the WTW CO2 emissions of EVs with different charging hours for multiple regions. The framework incorporates the consumption-based grid's CO2 emission factor, dynamic EV fuel consumption rate, and different charging levels and EV types. A three-year hourly-resolution WTW CO2 emission inventory of EVs was established for 71 regions across the contiguous United States. Results show that the EV's WTW CO2 emissions vary by season, charging hour, region, and EV type; up to 26% of WTW CO2 emissions could be reduced by shifting the current most common charging time. The study built a foundation inventory for policymakers to formulate daily smart charging schemes to minimize EV's WTW CO2 emissions.
KW - Electric vehicle
KW - Hourly resolution
KW - Inventory
KW - Well-to-wheel CO emission
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85144393952&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106819
DO - 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106819
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85144393952
SN - 0921-3449
VL - 190
JO - Resources, Conservation and Recycling
JF - Resources, Conservation and Recycling
M1 - 106819
ER -