Detecting multiple small‑sized damage in beam‑type structures by teager energy of modal curvature shape

Detection of multiple damage using modal curvature has become a research focus of great significance in recent years. Nevertheless, a noticeable deficiency of modal curvature is its inadequacy in identifying small-sized damage, which usually results in damage signatures being obscured by the global fluctuation trend of modal curvature. To address this deficiency, this study develops a damage feature of Teager energy of modal curvature shape to identify multiple small sized damage against the global fluctuation trend of the modal curvature. The advantage of this damage feature over the traditional modal curvature in small-sized damage characterization is first verified in analytical cases of cracked beams with various types of boundary condition, and further validated in a cracked carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composite beam with the mode shapes acquired using a scanning laser vibrometer.