Demonstration of a kW-scale flexible multi-fuel reforming power generation system for decentralized energy supply

Conventional power generation systems often rely on a single fuel source, limiting adaptability to diverse fuel supplies and varying operational conditions. This study demonstrates a scalable multi-fuel reforming power generation system designed to utilize locally available fuel resources, ensuring a reliable and decentralized electricity supply in areas experiencing fuel shortages or disruptions. Building on our previously developed industrially feasible platinum-nickel multi-fuel reforming catalyst, a kW-scale pilot system is developed to efficiently reform methane, methanol, ethanol, kerosene, and diesel. The reforming temperatures for these fuels range from 550 to 785°C, following a stepped temperature distribution beneficial for practical-scale operations. Experimental results show over 90% fuel conversion, hydrogen content exceeding 75%, and stable output power of 5.4 kW. Based on these pioneering experimental findings, four operational systems integrating electric and combustion heating are designed to explore the practical potential of this technology. Thermodynamic analyses reveal a system energy efficiency of about 40%, which improves to 51%–55% with heat recovery and reflux strategies. Notably, the reformer, combustor, and proton exchange membrane fuel cell account for 75% of the total system exergy destruction, highlighting the need for enhanced thermal management in these components. This work establishes the feasibility and applicability of a “one system, multiple fuels” approach at a practical kW scale, supported by thorough experimental and simulation analysis. The system reduces reliance on specific fuels, enhancing flexibility and resilience in electricity supply for decentralized energy applications while maintaining high efficiency.