Conflict of interests? Negotiating superstructures for value co-creation at indigenous heritage sites – the case of Patan, Nepal

While conflict in multi-stakeholder relationship is widely acknowledged, few studies explore how conflicts pertaining to cultural heritage, power dynamics, and institutional constraints are navigated in Indigenous tourism co-creation. In that regard, this study examines how tourism stakeholders negotiate social conflict during value co-creation in Patan, Nepal. Using a decolonial approach, data were collected through interviews, observation and Netnography. The study highlights the transformative role of culturally empowered community associations in fostering co-creative engagement through knowledge synergy, psychological empowerment, and strategic partnerships. It reconceptualises co-creation as a conflict negotiation process and offers practical insights for Indigenous-led value co-creation in tourism.