Collapse strength of complex metal shell intersections by the effective area method

Cone-cone intersections and cone-cylinder intersections with or without ring stiffened are common features in silos, tanks, pressure vessels, piping components, and other industrial shell structures. Under internal or external pressure, these intersections are subject to high circumferential membrane stresses as well as high bending stresses due to the presence of a slope discontinuity. As a result, they are susceptible to local plastic collapse. This paper first provides a summary of the effective area method initially proposed by Rotter for the plastic limit loads of cone-cylinder intersections in silos. The method is then generalized for complex intersections of cones and cylinders under uniform pressure and improved by including the local pressure effect. Results from the effective area method are compared with rigorous finite element results for a number of cases to demonstrate its accuracy. It is shown that the method is not only elegant and accurate, but also leads to a single simple formula for different types of intersections which is particularly suitable for codification purposes.