TY - JOUR
T1 - Climate and air quality impacts of off-peak commercial deliveries
AU - Saleh, Marc
AU - Chowdhury, Tufayel
AU - Vaughan, James
AU - Wang, An
AU - Mousavi, Kianoush
AU - Roorda, Matthew J.
AU - Hatzopoulou, Marianne
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was funded by The Atmospheric Fund (TAF), the City of Toronto, the Region of Peel and the Region of York with matching funds from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, under an Alliance Grant (ALLRP 555620–20).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2022/8
Y1 - 2022/8
N2 - This study evaluates the potential impacts of off-peak delivery (OPD) for greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions, with an application to the Greater Toronto Area. Multiple scenarios are formulated. OPD improves network congestion and travel times but increases vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT). The increase in VKT is attributed to road freight vehicles modifying their routing during the off-peak to longer routes. VKT generation is also attributed to induced passenger travel demand generated in response to improvements in traffic conditions during the daytime. Induced VKT plays an important role in limiting the reductions in greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxide emissions attributable to OPD. Yet, OPD scenarios reduce the emissions of fine particulate matter for both passenger and freight vehicles by reducing congestion. While total daily emissions either decrease or change minimally, the spatio-temporal distribution of emissions indicates increases in night-time emissions, particularly in communities located around highways and major arterial roads.
AB - This study evaluates the potential impacts of off-peak delivery (OPD) for greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions, with an application to the Greater Toronto Area. Multiple scenarios are formulated. OPD improves network congestion and travel times but increases vehicle kilometers travelled (VKT). The increase in VKT is attributed to road freight vehicles modifying their routing during the off-peak to longer routes. VKT generation is also attributed to induced passenger travel demand generated in response to improvements in traffic conditions during the daytime. Induced VKT plays an important role in limiting the reductions in greenhouse gases and nitrogen oxide emissions attributable to OPD. Yet, OPD scenarios reduce the emissions of fine particulate matter for both passenger and freight vehicles by reducing congestion. While total daily emissions either decrease or change minimally, the spatio-temporal distribution of emissions indicates increases in night-time emissions, particularly in communities located around highways and major arterial roads.
KW - Freight Demand Management
KW - Greenhouse Gas Emissions
KW - Off-peak Delivery
KW - Traffic pollutants
KW - Vehicle kilometers travelled
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132221739&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103360
DO - 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103360
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85132221739
SN - 1361-9209
VL - 109
JO - Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
JF - Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
M1 - 103360
ER -