Chlorine-Rich Substitution Enabled 2D3D Hybrid Perovskites for High Efficiency and Stability in Sn-Based Fiber-Shaped Perovskite Solar Cells

Despite the impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) beyond 25.5%, perovskite solar cells, especially the Sn-based variants, are poorly stable under normal operating conditions compared with the market-dominant silicon solar cells that can last for over 25 years. 2D3D hybrid perovskite materials are one of the best options to overcome the instability challenge without compromising efficiency. Indeed, a record performance of 1 year was reported in Pb-based 2D3D planar perovskite devices. However, the reaction between 2 and 3D perovskite molecules requires high temperatures (⁓ 300 °C) and increased reaction time (⁓ 24 h) to achieve high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites. Herein, we base on the ability of chlorine to displace iodine from its ionic compounds in solutions to utilize chloride ions as catalysts for speeding up the reaction between iodine-based 2D and 3D perovskite molecules. The approach reduces the reaction time to ⁓ 20 min and the reaction temperature to ⁓ 100 °C with the formation of high-quality 2D3D hybrid perovskites, free from pure 2D traces. Integrating the synthesized 2D3D hybrid perovskite material with 50% chlorine doping in a fiber-shaped solar cell architecture yielded the highest reported PCE of 11.96% in Sn-based fiber-shaped perovskite solar cells. The unencapsulated and encapsulated fiber-shaped solar cells could maintain 75% and 95.5% of their original PCE, respectively, after 3 months under room light and relative humidity of 35–40%, revealing the champion stability in Sn-based perovskite solar devices. The solar yarn also demonstrated constant energy output under changing light incident angles (0–180°).