Catching the Wanderer: Temporal and Visual Analysis of Mind Wandering in Digital Learning

As a rapidly rising trend, digital learning redefines educational boundaries with its accessibility and adaptability. However, this transformation reduced availability of non-verbal cues like facial expressions and body language. While platforms like Teams allow for the possibility of viewing student expressions when cameras are on, this is often not the case. The limited visual interaction hinders teachers' ability to gauge student engagement and detect mind wandering of students -a significant barrier to effective learning. Current research on mind wandering focuses on attention control and visual processing, but it fails to capture the dynamic nature of mind wandering in digital contexts and the potential of eye movement correlations for real-time interventions. This study addresses this challenge by examining the temporal patterns and dynamics of eye movement features over 26 lessons in a controlled online setting. Our findings reveal a periodic attention drift every 15 minutes, yet the focus notably intensifies during the final 15 minutes of class. Through significance and correlation matrix analyses, we identify three critical gaze metrics from 34 indicators-fixation dispersion, fixation quality, and blink frequency-as precise markers for distinguishing between focused and wandering minds. This research contributes to transdisciplinary engineering by integrating insights from educational technology and cognitive psychology to reveal the underlying attention mechanism behind mind wandering through a reduced set of reliable gaze metrics. It also provides a scientific basis for course designers to enhance learning engagement, such as timely interactive prompts or attention-capturing cues, fostering a healthier and sustainable digital learning environment.