Breathlessness in the community: Part two - management

The first part of this two-part series on breathlessness (JCN 28(5): 83-90) looked at the emotional and physical distress and social isolation caused by the condition for both patients and their families, as well as examining the assessment of the condition. Refractory breathlessness, i.e. that which persists even when measures to optimise the underlying condition have been implemented, is one of the most distressing symptoms experienced by patients with advanced life-limiting illnesses. This, the second part of the series, looks at how community nurses can successfully manage patients, including lifestyle changes, self-management, psychological therapy and pharmacology.