Automated openBIM-based discrete event simulation modeling for cradle-to-site embodied carbon assessment

Assessing cradle-to-site embodied carbon (EC) emissions enables stakeholders to make carbon-reduction decisions early. Discrete event simulation (DES) is useful for analyzing cradle-to-site EC by simulating construction operations. However, developing a DES model for cradle-to-site EC assessment in construction projects is time-consuming and error-prone. Therefore, this paper proposes an automated openBIM-based DES modeling approach. It starts with developing an integrated ontology of EC assessment, building information modeling (BIM) elements, and DES modeling to identify data requirements. It is followed by a BIM data verification flow using open standards, including extending Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) files and checking data integrity in IFC. Lastly, a general IFC-to-XML conversion tool is developed to convert processed IFC inputs into XML files, enabling the automation of DES modeling for cradle-to-site EC assessment. This openBIM-based DES solution was demonstrated in an actual project building. The results indicate that our approach can significantly improve DES modeling efficiency.