@article{f3bf4c2b3b8e49caa9efd992344240da,
title = "Application of travelling behaviour models for thermal responses in large compartment fires",
abstract = "Large open-plan compartment fires in modern buildings may exhibit a local burning region travelling across the floor plan as a {\textquoteleft}travelling fire{\textquoteright}. This phenomenon has been found in the forensic investigations of fire accidents and in the large compartment fire tests. The fire impact in a large compartment is spatially non-uniform and time-variant, which can cause severe local damage to structural components. Advanced from the previous models assuming constant travelling, the natural fire model established in this paper comprises time-variant and test-based travelling behaviour models and localised fire models of various modes. It is demonstrated with the fast-spread Vesel{\'i} fire test and the slow-spread Malveira fire test. A generic structural model is set up within OpenSees for fire to examine the thermal impact on structural members under various travelling fire scenarios of different travelling parameters, fire travelling directions, and beam sizes. Locally much higher thermal responses are represented after introducing behaviour models while adopting the same design fire load. Based on the work in this paper, a library of design fire models can be potentially enabled to examine the fire safety performance of structures regarding the realistic fire load and fire impact aiming for discovering unknown worse fire scenarios.",
keywords = "Large compartment fires, Steel beam, Thermal responses, Travelling fires",
author = "Zhuojun Nan and Khan, {Aatif Ali} and Liming Jiang and Suwen Chen and Asif Usmani",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme ( T22-505/19-N ), State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering ( SLDRCE20-02 ), and Ministry of Science and Technology of China ( 2019YFB2102701 ). The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Kamila Horov{\'a} and Franti{\v s}ek Wald from Czech Technical University, and Juan P. Hidalgo and Vinny Gupta from the University of Queensland, for providing access to the experimental data of the Vesel{\'i} Travelling Fire Test and the Malveira Fire Test. Funding Information: The full-scale large compartment fire tests prior to 2015 have been reviewed by Stern-Gottfried & Rein [4] and Dai et al. [6]. In this section, only the recent large compartment fire tests aiming for travelling fire behaviour are briefly reviewed to facilitate the discussion on travelling behaviour, which include: 1) Vesel{\'i} Travelling Fire Test (VFT) [16] in 2011; 2) Edinburgh Tall Building Fire Tests (ETFT) [19] in 2013; 3) the Malveira Fire Test (MFT) [17] in 2014; 4) Guttasj{\"o}n Fire Test (GFT) [20] in 2018; 5) Tisov{\'a} Fire Test (TFT) [21] in 2015; 6) European RFCS (Research Fund for Coal and Steel) TRAFIR (Characterization of Travelling FIRes in large compartments) project [22,23] conducted during 2017–2020; and 7) the Large-scale experiments x-ONE (2017) [24] and x-TWO (2019) [25]. These large compartment fire tests were mostly designed to observe non-uniform burning or travelling fire behaviour in compartments, and the large compartment described here is to differ from the small compartments that are of near-cubical shapes with dimensions around 3 m [42]. The floor areas of these compartments ranged from 87.2 m2 to 383.4 m2, along with the aspect ratios ranging from 1.3 to 4.5 as shown in Table 1. Other key parameters of these large compartment fire tests are summarised in Table 1, where the fire behaviour of each test is briefly summarised.The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T22-505/19-N), State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering (SLDRCE20-02), and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2019YFB2102701). The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Kamila Horov{\'a} and Franti{\v s}ek Wald from Czech Technical University, and Juan P. Hidalgo and Vinny Gupta from the University of Queensland, for providing access to the experimental data of the Vesel{\'i} Travelling Fire Test and the Malveira Fire Test. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier Ltd",
year = "2022",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103702",
language = "English",
volume = "134",
journal = "Fire Safety Journal",
issn = "0379-7112",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",
}