An optimal scheduling model of an energy storage system with a photovoltaic system in residential buildings considering the economic and environmental aspects

In terms of sustainable development, the Energy Storage System (ESS) with a photovoltaic (PV) is an efficient technology for residential distributed generation to raise its economic and environmental benefits, which are differentiated by charge and discharge scheduling of ESS. Accordingly, it is essential to optimize the scheduling of ESS with PV to maximize economic and environmental benefits for residential buildings. Therefore, this study developed an optimal scheduling model of ESS with PV in residential buildings considering the economic and environmental aspects. The optimal scheduling model was developed in the following two steps: (i) definition of the variables; and (ii) development of the optimal scheduling model of ESS with PV. Despite the rule-based scheduling could only raise lifecycle environmental benefit by sacrificing economic benefit, the optimal scheduling could raise both lifecycle economic and environmental benefits increasing the net income and self-sufficiency rate by up to US$2.8 per month and 2.7%, compared to the case of applying the PV system without ESS. This study has significant contributions in facilitating the wide use of ESS with PV by not only improving its economic and environmental benefits for the ESS owner but also reducing the cost for constructing additional power plants for the government.