Advances in Nanofiber Filtration Membranes: From Principles to Intelligent Applications

Air pollution is a silent killer. It poses a significant health threat, affecting over 80% of the global population and leading to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Electrospun nanofiber filtration membranes have made tremendous progress due to their large surface areas, adaptable structures, and self-polarizing properties. This review explores recent developments in nanofiber filtration membranes across four key areas: filtration principles, material design, structural innovations, and functionalities. Initially, classical filtration mechanisms is discussed, followed by an overview of sustainable materials and green technologies for advanced filtration. It is then delve into structural advancements, highlighting nanofibers with high roughness, ultra-fine diameters, and bimodal distributions. Inspired by nature, these innovations have led to the creation of high-performance filtration membranes. Current research focuses on anti-bacterial and antiviral filtration membranes, as well as intelligent systems capable of sensing physiological signals. Last, the existing challenges in filtration membrane development, such as new filtration mechanisms, green preparation technologies, and reusable intelligent filtration systems is highlighted. It is anticipated that solutions to these problems will open up new possibilities for functional biodegradable membranes, smart wearables, and upscale healthcare.