Acoustic leak detection approaches for water pipelines

A reliable leak detection approach is necessary for reducing water loss caused by leakages. Our research reviews the existing acoustic leak detection approaches, including devices for collecting sound, signal processing methods, and ways to detect the presence of leakages. Firstly, a scientometric analysis of relevant bibliographic data from the Scopus database in the last thirty years is carried out. Secondly, based on the results of the scientometric review, the technologies of acoustic leak detection have been systematically reviewed. Acoustic leak detection approaches are classified into non-real time and real-time methods and are thoroughly discussed. Thirdly, acoustic signals collection through noise loggers, wireless sensor networks, accelerometers, hydrophones, or fiber optic sensors is elaborated. Fourthly, signal features extraction using different methods, including time-domain analysis, frequency domain analysis, time-frequency analysis, correlation analysis, and other pre-processing methods are explained. Fifthly, the determination of the presence of leaks using various detection methods is detailed. This paper provides a useful reference for academia and industry for the further development of advanced acoustic leak detection methods.