A multistate model of cognitive dynamics in relation to resistance training: The contribution of baseline function

Purpose: We investigated: (1) the effect of different targeted exercise training on an individual's overall probability for cognitive improvement, maintenance, or decline; and (2) the simultaneous effect of targeted exercise training and baseline function on the dynamics of executive functions when a multistate transition model is used. Methods: Analyses are based on a 12-month randomized clinical trial including 155 community-dwelling women 65-75years of age who were randomly allocated to once-weekly resistance training (1x RT; n=54), twice-weekly resistance training (2x RT; n= 52), or twice-weekly balance and tone training (BAT; n= 49). The primary outcome measure was performance on the Stroop test, an executive cognitive test of selective attention and conflict resolution. Secondary outcomes of executive functions were set shifting and working memory. Results: Individuals in the 1x RT or 2x RT group demonstrated a significantly greater probability for improved performance on the Stroop Test (0.49; 95% confidence interval,0.41-0.57) compared with those in the BAT group (0.25; 95% confidence interval,0.25-0.40). Resistance training had significant effects on transitions in selective attention and conflict resolution. Conclusions: Resistance training is efficacious in improving a measure of selective attention and conflict resolution in older women, probably more so among those with greater baseline cognitive function.