A Distributed P and Q Provision-Based Voltage Regulation Scheme by Incentivized EV Fleet Charging for Resistive Distribution Networks

The capability of onboard bidirectional chargers to deliver both real power and reactive power makes electric vehicles (EVs) suitable candidates for the voltage regulation in the distribution network considering the higher $R/X$ ratio of distribution lines. This article proposes a distributed voltage regulation scheme for dominantly resistive distribution networks through coordinated EV charging/discharging. In the optimal planning stage, the maximal profit of each EV user for the regulation provision is guaranteed, while the driving need can be satisfied. An optimal charging model is proposed to plan the total available $P$ and $Q$ , and a parameter 'involvement level' is introduced for the fair pricing of participating EV users. In the regulation stage, an adaptive voltage sensitivity coefficient is developed to estimate the amount of required power for voltage regulation. A novel parallel consensus sharing strategy is designed so that the local power dispatch decision can be made by each EV through information sharing between neighboring buses. The backup support from the local energy storage system (ESS) can be activated under the emergency scenario due to communication failure and insufficient EV resources. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively and robustly regulate the voltage and is scalable to different network topologies.