A Comprehensive Study of Machine Learning for Waste-to-Energy Process Modeling and Optimization

This study presents a comprehensive study integrating machine learning, life cycle assessment (LCA) and heuristic optimization to achieve a low-carbon medical waste (MW)-to fuel process. A detailed process simulation coupled with cradle to gate LCA is employed to generate a dataset covering diverse process operation conditions, embodied carbon of supplying H₂ and the associated carbon emission factor of MW treatment (CEF). Four machine learning techniques, including support vector machine, artificial neural network, Gaussian process regression, and XGBoost, are trained, each achieving test R² close to 0.90 and RMSE of ~0.26. These models are integrated with heuristic algorithms to optimize operating parameters under various green hydrogen mixes (20–80%). Our results show that machine learning models outperform the detailed process model (DPM), achieving a minimum CEF of ~1.3 to ~1.1 kg CO₂-eq/kg MW with higher computational stabilities. Importantly, the optimization times dropped from hours (DPM) to seconds (machine learning models) and the combination of Gaussian process regression and particle swarm optimization is highlighted, with an optimization time under one second. The optimized process holds promise in carbon reduction compared to traditional MW disposal methods. These findings show machine learning can achieve high predictive accuracy while dramatically enhancing optimization speed and stability, providing a scalable framework for extensive scenario analysis during waste-to-energy process design and further real-time optimization application.