A comprehensive analysis of factors affecting GNSS observation noise

Observation noise is one of the most significant error sources in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). It can be influenced by various factors. Analyzing these factors is crucial for developing a stochastic model for GNSS navigation and positioning. This process ensures that the statistical properties of the observational data are accurately characterized, leading to more reliable and precise positioning results. Previous research has predominantly focused on code type and PPP techniques, often limited by the inability to separately assess observation types across different frequency bands due to ionospheric delay. If based on short baseline, these studies were generally constrained by limited experimental data. This study provides a detailed analysis of the affecting factor on observation noise, including elevation, SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), different receiver and antenna type, different GNSS system, and different frequency bands etc. In addition, environmental effects on observation noise are investigated by comparison between short baseline and zero baseline.