2D and 3D Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Structures by Far-Field Jet Writing

Electrospinning offers remarkable versatility in producing superfine fibrous materials and is hence widely used in many applications such as tissue scaffolds, filters, electrolyte fuel cells, biosensors, battery electrodes, and separators. Nevertheless, it is a challenge to print pre-designed 2D/3D nanofibrous structures using electrospinning due to its inherent jet instability. Here, we report on a novel far-field jet writing technique for precisely controlling the polymer jet in nanofiber deposition, which was achieved through a combination of reducing the nozzle voltage, adjusting the electric field, and applying a set of passively focusing electrostatic lenses. By optimizing the applied voltage, the circular aperture of lenses, and the distance between the adjacent lenses, the best precision achieved using this technique was approximately 200 μm, similar to that of a conventional polymer-based 3D printer. This development makes it possible for printing 2D/3D nanofibrous structures by far-field jet writing for different applications with enhanced performance.