漢令中的交叉引用: 以〈津關令〉和〈功令〉為例

Cross-referencing is frequently seen in both premodern and modern texts, from the “mutual referencing methods” (hujian fa) in the Records of the Grand Scribes (Shiji) to its widespread use in contemporary administrative documents found in modern documents, which are well-known in academic circles. However, cross-referencing in unearthed legal documents has received relatively little attention. Utilizing the “Ordinances on Fords and Passes” (Jinguan ling) from tomb no. 247 at Zhangjiashan and the “Ordinances on Merit” (Gong ling) from tomb no. 336 at Zhangjiashan, both located in Hubei, as examples, this paper examines the practice of cross-referencing in Han ordinances (ling) and sheds light on their compilation. The paper argues that the unearthed compilations of the “Ordinances on Fords and Passes” and the “Ordinances on Merit” might be among multiple compilations of these texts. The numbering of entries within the compilations might differ from other versions, potentially holding significance only for their compilers and users. Furthermore, both texts reference entries outside the compilations, yet these ordinances were not found in the tombs, prompting a reconsideration of the nature of legal documents buried in tombs. Finally, by comparing various referencing methods in the “Ordinances on Merit,” the function of cross-referencing becomes evident, primarily being used in the context of sentencing (lun).