旅游者对现代性的“好恶交织”——基于线性与循环历史观的探讨

以往研究对“好恶交织”概念中“好”与“恶”关系的理解时常隐含着二元对立的底层逻辑,不利于引导旅游理论与实践发展。线性历史观可能是其中的一个重要根源。循环历史观作为补充,强调传统性与现代性的内在统一关系,从而塑造“好”与“恶”的内在统一。线性与循环历史观互鉴之下,“好恶交织”的理论面貌得以更全面地浮现,包括结构性与叙事性、乌托邦性与现实性、结构反身性与自我反身性。从历史观的社会规范功能出发,理想的“好恶交织”形态基于进步的线性历史观,辅之以循环历史观,成为螺旋上升的积极心理过程。它一方面使旅游具有目的性,承载着人们对现代性阴暗面/积极面的鲜明态度与倾向;另一方面也驱动旅游者在现代性与传统性的永恒矛盾下持久适应与调整,可持续地追求生命福祉,而非极端地逃离与追寻。在既对立又统一的逻辑下理解“好恶交织”,可以改变旅游市场供需、人地关系、主客关系、景观美学等问题的一些经典思考方式,并成为理解现代化之“中国性”的一个途径。
The ambivalence of tourists toward modernity is a key concept in tourism studies.It suggests that tourists’attitudes toward modernity are characterized by both“dislike”,as they seek to escape the alienation,normalization,and routinization brought by modernity,and“like”,as they yearn to experience the high-standard lifestyle and culture of enjoyment associated with modernity.Influenced by the notion of the opposition between tradition and modernity,which is often advocated by a linear view of history,many studies understand the relationship between“like”and“dislike”through binary opposition.In this framework,“like”and“dislike”are seen as mutually exclusive attitudes,corresponding to two types of tourism:one that seeks modernity and one that escapes from it.This framework,however,does not accurately reflect the complex psychological reality of tourists.The cyclical view of history can help address this issue.It emphasizes the interdependence of tradition and modernity,arguing that when one force is strengthened,the other is also potentially empowered.Furthermore,the cyclical view suggests that human history evolves within the unity of opposites between modernity and tradition.It does not assume that a final,absolute goal or direction can be reached,nor does it suggest that one side—either tradition or modernity—can completely replace the other in historical process;both must coexist and shift.This allows for the interdependence of“like”and“dislike”,which manifests in three ways.First,a tourist can simultaneously experience both“like”and“dislike”toward modernity.Second,“like”and“dislike”can transform into one another.Third,tourism shapes a harmonious relationship between modernity and tradition.In an individual’s life,traditional and modern experiences exist in unity of opposites,where the power dynamics between the two continuously evolve.One force may occupy a dominant position at certain times,while the other is subordinated.Individuals are continually faced with this asymmetrical relationship.When the tension between traditional and modern experiences intensifies,the darker sides of modernity and tradition—those that tourists“dislike”—become more apparent,creating discomfort in individual lives.Tourism,by shifting the spatiotemporal context of the tourist’s life,places the unity of opposites between tradition and modernity on a non-daily trajectory.This process helps to reduce the conflict,shift the power balance,and bring about a state of harmony,leading the tourist to experience comfort,peace,and satisfaction.Integrating linear and cyclical historical perspectives,“ambivalence”emerges with a more comprehensive set of characteristics,including structural and narrative dimensions,utopian and realistic elements,and structural reflexivity and self-reflexivity.To guide the development of tourism practice in a healthier and more sustainable manner,we suggest that academic interpretations of“ambivalence”should be based on a progressive linear historical perspective,complemented by a cyclical historical view,making“ambivalence”a spiraling,positive psychological process.Ambivalence,on one hand,gives tourism a sense of purpose,embodying people’s clear attitudes and tendencies towards both the dark and positive aspects of modernity;on the other hand,it drives tourists to continuously adapt and adjust within the eternal conflict between modernity and tradition,sustainably pursuing well-being.